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SIGNAL DESCRIPTIONS
| Signal (Code) |
Source Paper |
| Size |
Banz, Rolf W. "The relationship between return and market value of common stocks." Journal of Financial Economics 9.1 (1981): 3-18. |
| Sales-to-Price (spq) |
Barbee Jr, William C., Sandip Mukherji, and Gary A. Raines. "Do sales–price and debt–equity explain stock returns better than book–market and firm size?." Financial Analysts Journal 52.2 (1996): 56-60. |
| Gross Profitability to Assets (gmaq) |
Novy-Marx, Robert. "The other side of value: The gross profitability premium." Journal of Financial Economics 108.1 (2013): 1-28. |
| Cash flow to market (cfpq) |
Lakonishok, Josef, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert W. Vishny. "Contrarian investment, extrapolation, and risk." The Journal of Finance 49.5 (1994): 1541-1578. |
| Enterprise Multiple (entmult_q) |
Loughran, Tim, and Jay W. Wellman. "New evidence on the relation between the enterprise multiple and average stock returns." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 46.6 (2011): 1629-1650. |
| Short term reversal (mom1m) |
Jegadeesh, Narasimhan. "Evidence of predictable behavior of security returns." The Journal of Finance 45.3 (1990): 881-898. |
| Long-run reversal (mom36m) |
De Bondt, Werner FM, and Richard Thaler. "Does the stock market overreact?." The Journal of Finance 40.3 (1985): 793-805. |
| Maximum return over month (maxret) |
Bali, Turan G., Nusret Cakici, and Robert F. Whitelaw. "Maxing out: Stocks as lotteries and the cross-section of expected returns." Journal of Financial Economics 99.2 (2011): 427-446. |
| Medium-run reversal (chmom) |
De Bondt, Werner FM, and Richard Thaler. "Does the stock market overreact?." The Journal of Finance 40.3 (1985): 793-805. |
| Return on Net Operating Assets (retnoaq) |
Soliman, Mark T. "The use of DuPont analysis by market participants." The Accounting Review 83.3 (2008): 823-853. |
| Return on invested capital (roic) |
Brown, David P., and Bradford Rowe. "The productivity premium in equity returns." Available at SSRN 993467 (2007). |
| Operating profits / book equity (operprofq) |
Fama, Eugene F., and Kenneth R. French. "The value premium and the CAPM." The Journal of Finance 61.5 (2006): 2163-2185. |
| Past trading volume (dolvol) |
Brennan, Michael J., Tarun Chordia, and Avanidhar Subrahmanyam. "Alternative factor specifications, security characteristics, and the cross-section of expected stock returns." Journal of Financial Economics 49.3 (1998): 345-373. |
| Share turnover (turn) |
Chordia, Tarun, Avanidhar Subrahmanyam, and V. Ravi Anshuman. "Trading activity and expected stock returns." Journal of Financial Economics 59.1 (2001): 3-32. |
| CAPM beta (beta) |
Fama, Eugene F., and James D. MacBeth. "Risk, return, and equilibrium: Empirical tests." Journal of Political Economy 81.3 (1973): 607-636. |
| Growth in book equity (cheqq) |
Lockwood, Larry, and Wikrom Prombutr. "Sustainable growth and stock returns." Journal of Financial Research 33.4 (2010): 519-538. |
| R&D to sales (rd_sale) |
Chan, Louis KC, Josef Lakonishok, and Theodore Sougiannis. "The stock market valuation of research and development expenditures." The Journal of Finance 56.6 (2001): 2431-2456. |
| Inventory Growth (chinv) |
Thomas, Jacob K., and Huai Zhang. "Inventory changes and future returns." Review of Accounting Studies 7.2 (2002): 163-187. |
| Change in capex, two years (grcapx) |
Anderson, Christopher W., and Luis Garcia-Feijoo. "Empirical evidence on capital investment, growth options, and security returns." The Journal of Finance 61.1 (2006): 171-194. |
| Capex and Inventory Change (invest) |
Chen, Long, and Lu Zhang. "A better three-factor model that explains more anomalies." Journal of Finance 65.2 (2010): 563-595. (Retracted) |
| Earnings Surprise (earning_surprise) |
Foster, George, Chris Olsen, and Terry Shevlin. "Earnings releases, anomalies, and the behavior of security returns." Accounting Review (1984): 574-603. |
| Share turnover volatility (std_turn) |
Chordia, Tarun, Avanidhar Subrahmanyam, and V. Ravi Anshuman. "Trading activity and expected stock returns." Journal of Financial Economics 59.1 (2001): 3-32. |
| Change in Return on equity (changeroeq) |
Balakrishnan, Karthik, Eli Bartov, and Lucile Faurel. "Post loss/profit announcement drift." Journal of Accounting and Economics 50.1 (2010): 20-41. |
| Change in Return on assets (changeroaq) |
Balakrishnan, Karthik, Eli Bartov, and Lucile Faurel. "Post loss/profit announcement drift." Journal of Accounting and Economics 50.1 (2010): 20-41. |
| Net operating assets (noaq) |
Hirshleifer, David, et al. "Do investors overvalue firms with bloated balance sheets?." Journal of Accounting and Economics 38 (2004): 297-331. |
| Asset growth (agr) |
Cooper, M. J., Gulen, H., and Schill, M. J. "Asset growth and the cross-section of stock returns." The Journal of Finance 63(4) (2008): 1609-1651. |
| Accruals (acc) |
Sloan, R. G. "Do stock prices fully reflect information in accruals and cash flows about future earnings?." Accounting Review (1996): 289-315. |
| Book to market (bm) |
Stattman, Dennis. "Book values and stock returns." The Chicago MBA: A Journal of Selected Papers 4.1 (1980): 25-45. |
| Cash to assets (cash) |
Palazzo, Berardino. "Cash holdings, risk, and expected returns." Journal of Financial Economics 104.1 (2012): 162-185. |
| Share issuance, 1 year (chcsho) |
Pontiff, Jeffrey, and Artemiza Woodgate. "Share issuance and cross-sectional returns." The Journal of Finance 63.2 (2008): 921-945. |
| Earnings-to-Price Ratio (ep) |
Basu, Sanjoy. "Investment performance of common stocks in relation to their price-earnings ratios." The Journal of Finance 32.3 (1977): 663-682. |
| Amihud's illiquidity (ill) |
Amihud, Yakov. "Illiquidity and stock returns: cross-section and time-series effects." Journal of Financial Markets 5.1 (2002): 31-56. |
| Market leverage (market_lev) |
Bhandari, Laxmi Chand. "Debt/equity ratio and expected common stock returns: Empirical evidence." The Journal of Finance 43.2 (1988): 507-528. |
| Momentum, 12 month (mom12m) |
Jegadeesh, Narasimhan, and Sheridan Titman. "Returns to buying winners and selling losers: Implications for stock market efficiency." The Journal of Finance 48.1 (1993): 65-91. |
| Momentum, 6 month (mom6m) |
Jegadeesh, Narasimhan, and Sheridan Titman. "Returns to buying winners and selling losers: Implications for stock market efficiency." The Journal of Finance 48.1 (1993): 65-91. |
| Idiosyncratic risk, AHT (retvol_daily) |
Ali, Ashiq, Lee-Seok Hwang, and Mark A. Trombley. "Arbitrage risk and the book-to-market anomaly." Journal of Financial Economics 69.2 (2003): 355-373. |